The first service was held at the Henry Prell home, 711 Calhoun Street, Marysville, Kansas, on May 28, 1922. Eleven Lutherans were present for this service.
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The congregation was organized July 17, 1928. Plans were made for a church. Lots were purchased in the 1700 block of Jenkins Street. The congregation became incorporated February 1, 1929; it was adopted that the elders, who also served as trustees, be given authority to proceed with a building project. The cornerstone was laid April 14, 1929. The church was dedicated on July 14, 1929. Following this, the trustees bought four lots east of the old church where the present church stands today. The congregation joined the Missouri Synod on April 7, 1931.
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Plans for the new church (the present structure) were drawn up in 1951. The ground breaking ceremony was held on Easter Sunday, April 10, 1955. The cornerstone was laid on September 11, 1955. April 8, 1956 was the date of dedication.
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On October 11, 1994, Mt. Calvary voted to join with Immanuel Lutheran and Bethlehem Lutheran, both of Bremen, to form the Good Shepherd Lutheran School Association. Ground was broken at 206 South 17th Street in Marysville for grades one through eight on December 11, 1994. Good Shepherd Lutheran School was dedicated on August 20, 1995.
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In 2016, it was decided to build an addition onto the north side of the existing church building. Ground was broken in April 2016, and dedication was held on May 28, 2017, for the new Fellowship Hall, including link, new elevator, large all purpose room, library, and education classrooms.
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2020 proved to be a very different year. Coronavirus/Covid-19 started to be made more well-known by the public beginning of March 2020. Many changes and adjustments were made throughout the year to continue to reach members and continue to offer worship and Holy Communion in safe methods. Mt. Calvary launched a YouTube channel, as well as streaming services on Facebook Live.